聖彼得堡

聖彼得堡
Санкт-Петербург（俄羅斯）
- 聯邦城市 -
從左上角順時 ​​針： 聖以撒大教堂升起在城市上空， 彼得保羅要塞的Zayachy島 ， 宮廣場與亞歷山大柱 ， Petergof ， Nevsky Prospekt大街和冬宮
標誌 徽章
座標： 59 ° 57'N 30 ° 19'E / 59.95 ° N 30.317 ° E / 59.95; 30.317 座標 ： 59 ° 57'N 30 ° 19'E / 59.95 ° N 30.317 ° E / 59.95 ; 30.317
政治地位
國家	俄羅斯
聯邦區	西北 [1]
經濟區域	西北 [2]
成立	1703年5月27日[3]
聯邦城市日	5月27日[4]
政府 （截至2010年3月）
- 總督	瓦倫蒂娜馬特維延科
- 立法機關	立法大會
統計
區 [5]
- 總	1439公里2（555.6平方英里）
區排名	第82
人口 （2010年人口普查） [6]
- 總	4848700
-等級	第四
-密度	3,369.49 / 平方公里 （8,726.9 /平方mi）
人口 （2002年人口普查） [7]
- 總	4661219
-等級	第四
-密度	3,239.21 / 平方公里 （8,389.5 /平方mi）
時區 （S）	MSD （ UTC +04:00 ）
ISO 3166-2：RU	RU - SPE
車牌	78，98，178
官方語言	俄羅斯 [8]

聖彼得堡 （ 俄羅斯 ：Санкт-Петербург， 入門 聖-彼得堡 ，IPA： [聖pʲɪtʲɪrburk] （ 聽 ））是一個城市和一個聯邦主體 （一聯邦市 ）的俄羅斯位於涅瓦河當先的芬蘭灣的波羅的海 。在1914名城市改為彼得格勒 （ 俄語 ：Петроград，IPA： [Pʲɪtrɐgrat] ），在1924年到列寧格勒 （ 俄語 ：Ленинград，IPA： [Lʲɪnʲɪngrat] ），並於1991年回到聖彼得堡 。

在俄羅斯文學和非正式文件的“聖”（Санкт-）通常省略，離開聖彼得堡 （Петербург， 彼得堡 ）。在普通俄羅斯人的說法可能會下降“ -伯格”（-бург）為好，只留下彼得 （Питер，發音為“Piter”; IPA：[Pʲ它ʲɪr]）。

聖彼得堡是由沙皇 彼得大帝 27 [ OS 5月16日] 1703。從 1713年至1728年和1732年至1918年，聖彼得堡是俄羅斯的資本。 1918年中央政府機構已從聖彼得堡（當時名為彼得格勒）莫斯科。 ^[9]這是俄羅斯第二大城市後， 莫斯科有460萬居民。聖彼得堡是歐洲主要的文化中心，一個重要的俄羅斯在波羅的海港口 。

聖彼得堡經常被描述為最西部城市的俄羅斯。 ^[10]在城市的世界有超過百萬人，聖彼得堡是最北端。在聖彼得堡歷史中心及相關團體的古蹟構成了聯合國教科文組織世界遺產 。聖彼得堡也是家庭的冬宮 ，最大的藝術博物館的美譽。 ^[11]大量的外國領事館 ， 國際機構 ，銀行和其他企業都設在聖彼得堡。

[ 編輯 ] 歷史

這部分需要額外的引文的驗證 。請幫助改善這篇文章中加入可靠的參考 。 Unsourced材料可挑戰和刪除 （2011年1月）

12 [ OS 1] 1703年五月，在大北方戰爭 ， 彼得大帝奪取了瑞典堡壘Nyenskans在涅瓦河邊的Ingria 。 27 [ OS 16] 1703年五月^[12]接近河口 （5公里/ 3英里的內陸來自海灣 ），在Zayachy（野兔）島 ，他奠定了彼得保羅要塞 ，成為第一個磚和石頭建設新城區。

在青銅騎士 ，彼得大帝紀念碑

這座城市建於徵農民來自全國各地，俄羅斯，瑞典數字戰俘也參與了一些年^[13]根據監督亞歷山大孟列夫 。數以萬計的農奴死亡建市。 ^[14]後來成為中心城市聖彼得堡省 。彼得遷都從莫斯科到聖彼得堡於1712年，9年才條約Nystad的1721結束了戰爭。

在最初的幾年裡它的存在自發的城市增長約三位一體廣場上的涅瓦河右岸，附近的彼得保羅要塞。不過，聖彼得堡很快開始按計劃發展。到1716 多梅尼科Trezzini已經制定了一項計劃，即城市中心將位於Vasilyevsky島和塑造一個矩形網格的運河。該項目沒有完成，但仍明顯在佈局的街道。 1716年讓-巴蒂斯特亞歷山大勒金發被任命為總設計師聖彼得堡的彼得大帝。

該風格伯多祿巴洛克 ，開發Trezzini和其他建築師和建築等體現為孟列夫宮 ， Kunstkamera ， 彼得和保羅大教堂 ， 十二Collegia ，成為突出的城市建築在18世紀初。 1724年的科學院 ， 大學和學術館成立於聖彼得堡的彼得大帝。

1725年彼得去世，享年52歲。他推動現代化的俄羅斯曾遭到反對，從老式的俄羅斯貴族 -造成多次嘗試在他的生活和叛國案件涉及自己的兒子。 ^[15]因此，1728年， 彼得二世俄羅斯提出他的座椅靠背，以莫斯科。但四年後，在1732年，在皇后安娜的俄羅斯 ，聖彼得堡再次成為資本的俄羅斯帝國和保持座位的羅曼諾夫王朝的宮廷俄羅斯Tzars，以及俄羅斯政府所在地另一個186年直到1917年共產主義革命。

在1736年至1737年全市遭受了災難性火災。要重建受損的行政區，一個新的計劃委託於1737年由委員會根據布克哈德克里斯托夫馮馬尼克 。全市劃分為五個區，城市中心轉移到金鐘鎮，坐落在東岸之間的涅瓦河和Fontanka 。

宮廣場 ，廣場為主體的俄羅斯帝國是設置了許多具有重大歷史意義的事件

它開發沿著三條放射狀街道，而滿足於金鐘的建設 ，現在被稱為Nevsky Prospekt大街 （也就是現在被視為主要街道的城市）， Gorokhovaya街和Voznesensky Prospekt 。在巴洛克風格為主的城市建築中前60年，終於在伊麗莎白女王的巴洛克式，代表最顯著的巴托洛梅奧Rastrelli等建築物的冬宮 。在18世紀60年代的巴洛克式建築的繼任者的新古典主義建築 。

地圖聖彼得堡，1903年。

該委員會的石頭建築的莫斯科和聖彼得堡設立於1762年裁定，沒有結構在城市高於冬宮，禁止在建築物之間的間距。在王朝的凱瑟琳大帝在18世紀60年代，18世紀80年代，銀行在排隊的涅瓦河與花崗岩堤防。

然而，它不是直到1850年，它被允許開放的第一個永久性的橋樑橫跨涅瓦河， Blagoveshchensky橋 。在此之前，只有浮橋橋樑被允許。 Obvodny運河 （挖在1769年至1833年）成為限制城市的南部。

其中最突出的新古典主義建築師在聖彼得堡（包括那些工作在帝國風格 ）的讓-巴蒂斯特Vallin德拉莫特 （ 翰林院的藝術 ， 小庵 ， Gostiny德沃爾 ， 新荷蘭建築 ， 天主教的聖凱瑟琳 ） 安東尼里納爾迪 （ 大理石宮 ）， 尤里費爾頓 （ 舊冬宮 ， Chesme教會 ）， 賈科莫Quarenghi （科學院， 艾爾米塔什劇院 ， 尤蘇波夫宮 ）， 安德烈Voronikhin （ 礦業學院 ， 喀山大教堂 ）， Andreyan扎哈羅夫 （ 金鐘大廈 ）， 讓-弗朗索瓦德Thomon托馬斯 （ 吐Vasilievsky酒店島 ）， 卡羅羅西 （ Yelagin宮 ， 米哈伊洛夫斯基宮 ， 亞歷山大劇院 ， 參議院和議會大廈 ， 總參謀部大樓 ，設計的許多街道和廣場）， 瓦西裡Stasov （ 莫斯科凱旋門 ， 三位一體大教堂 ）和奧古斯特德Montferrand （ 聖以撒大教堂 ， 亞歷山大列 ）。在擊敗拿破崙的法國在1812年衛國戰爭的紀念與許多古蹟，包括亞歷山大列由Montferrand，建於1834年，和納爾瓦凱旋門 。

聖彼得堡是，很長一段時間，資金的俄羅斯帝國

在1825年鎮壓叛亂Decembrist對尼古拉一世的俄羅斯發生的參議院廣場在城市，每天他就任後的寶座。

到了19世紀40年代的新古典主義建築給了地方，各浪漫主義風格其中佔主導地位，直到19世紀90年代，建築師等為代表的安德烈Stackenschneider （ 馬林斯基宮 ， Beloselsky - Belozersky宮 ， 尼古拉宮 ， 新麥宮 ）和康斯坦丁奧斯陸 （ Moskovsky鐵總站 ）。

隨著解放農民開展亞歷山大二世在1861年的工業革命 ，湧入前農民進入資本大大增加。可憐行政區自發出現的郊區城市。聖彼得堡超過莫斯科的人口和工業增長和發展成為一個最大的工業城市，在歐洲，與一家大型海軍基地（在喀瑯施塔得 ），河流和港口。

名稱聖人彼得和保羅 ，賜予原來的城市的城堡和大教堂 （從1725 -一個埋藏庫的俄羅斯皇帝）不約而同地被鏡像的名稱前兩個暗殺俄羅斯皇帝， 彼得三世 （1762年，據稱陰謀主導由他的妻子， 凱瑟琳 ）和保羅我 （1801年， 尼古拉斯Zubov和其他共謀誰把權力亞歷山大一世 ，兒子的受害者）。第三個皇帝的暗殺發生在1881年時，在彼得堡亞歷山大二世的犧牲品的narodniki （見教會救主的血 ）。

[ 編輯 ] 20世紀

在1917年的俄國革命開始時，在聖彼得堡布爾什維克衝進冬宮

在1905年革命開始在聖彼得堡和迅速蔓延到全國各省。

在1917年3月，在二月革命尼古拉二世退位為他自己和他的兒子，從而結束對俄羅斯君主制。

列寧雕像外的芬蘭站 。 1924年至1991年城市被命名為列寧格勒。

在十月革命最終使列寧上台，在彼得格勒爆發了十一月7-8日，1917年（個月不匹配，由於朱利安 / 公曆的差別）。 ^[16]在這個城市獲得了新的描述性名稱，“城市的三次革命 “ ^[17]這使人想起一個事實，所有這三個主要發展在政治歷史俄羅斯早在20世紀發生在這裡。

到1918年3月德軍入侵省愛沙尼亞 （現在是部分愛沙尼亞 ），從而威脅彼得格勒的轟炸和入侵，而反蘇軍其中有旨在形成以資本為好。因此，3月12日，1918年，蘇聯被迫轉移政府莫斯科 。 ^[9]在隨後的內戰在1919年一般尤登尼奇推進從愛沙尼亞多次試圖奪取城市，但托洛茨基調動軍隊，使他撤退。

1月26日，1924年，三天後，列寧逝世後，彼得格勒改名為列寧格勒 。後來一些街道和其他地名改了名相應。全市有230多個地方與生活和活動的列寧。他們有的人變成博物館， ^[18]以及巡洋艦極光 -一個符號的十月革命和最古老的船舶，在俄羅斯海軍 。

在20世紀 20年代，30年代的貧困郊區被改建為定期計劃行政區。在建構主義建築周圍蓬勃發展的時間。住房被國有化，但許多“資產階級”公寓是太大，所以很多人以前住在貧民窟誰現在有分享這些“公共”公寓（ kommunalkas ）凡20世紀30年代68％的人口居住。 1935年是一個新的總體規劃介紹，據此，城市應擴大到南部。建構主義被拒絕贊成華而不實斯大林架構 。移動城市中心遠離邊境的芬蘭， 斯大林採取了計劃興建新的市政廳廣場附近有巨大的南端Moskovsky前景可能因此成為一個新的主街道列寧格勒。然而，戰爭結束後蘇聯 - 芬蘭邊界被轉移到北部和涅瓦大街的宮殿廣場保留的職能和作用的城市中心。

1931年12月在列寧格勒被行政分離列寧格勒州 。當時它包括列寧格勒郊區，其中的某些部分被轉移回列寧格勒州在1936年變成Vsevolozhsky區 ， Krasnoselsky區 ， Pargolovsky區和斯勒茨基區 （1944年更名為帕夫洛夫斯基區） ^[19]

一個場景的西洋鏡- 圍困列寧格勒 。圍困持續了872天並藉此生活的人超過百萬

12月1日，1934年， 謝爾蓋基洛夫 ，流行的共產黨領導人的列寧格勒被暗殺，這是用來啟動大清洗 。 ^[20]

在第二次世界大戰中 ，列寧格勒被圍困的納粹德國 。 ^[21]圍困持續了872天^[21]從1941年9月至1944年1月。 ^[22]在圍困列寧格勒的一個最長，最具破壞性和最致命的圍攻大城市在現代歷史 。它從最孤立的城市，除了那些提供物資通過公路生活在拉多加湖 ，超過一百萬平民死亡，主要是從飢餓。許多人最終撤離或逃離自己，所以大部分的城市成為無人區。

列寧格勒被正式授予稱號的“ 英雄城 “於1965年5月8日

5月1日1945年， 斯大林在他的最高指揮員一聲令下＃20名為列寧格勒，同時與斯大林格勒 ， 塞瓦斯托波爾和敖德薩的一個範圍的英雄城市的戰爭。然而，法規的榮譽稱號“英雄城”正式通過僅在勃列日涅夫的統治，於1965年5月8日（20週年勝利的偉大衛國戰爭）。在當天的最高蘇維埃主席團 ，蘇聯獲得列寧格勒作為英雄城的訂購列寧和金星獎章 “為英勇抵抗的城市和堅韌的倖存者的圍攻”。在英雄城方尖碑軸承的金星標誌的安裝更晚。

1946年10月在一些地區的沿北部海岸的芬蘭灣的傳遞給蘇聯在1940年從芬蘭根據和平條約後的冬季戰爭轉移到列寧格勒從列寧格勒州分為Sestroretsky區和Kurortny區 ，包括鎮Terijoki （1948年更名為Zelenogorsk） ^[19]列寧格勒和它的許多郊區被重建了戰後幾十年來，部分按戰前的計劃。 1948年總體規劃的列寧格勒特色徑向城市發展在北方以及南方。 1953年帕夫洛夫斯基區列寧格勒州被撤銷，其部分領土，包括巴甫洛夫斯克合併列寧格勒。 1954年定居點Levashovo ， Pargolovo和Pesochny合併列寧格勒。 ^[19]

列寧格勒給它的名字到列寧格勒務 （1949-1952年），一個顯著的事件在戰後政治進程中的蘇聯 。一個產品的部族爭鬥（其中一方的代表是這個城市的領導人共產黨的組織-一個最顯著的國家），它折磨只有一個精英圈，所以這件事情的受害者是相對較少。 23領導人被判處死刑，181至監獄或​​流放（免除1954年）。關於2000被開除出黨和共青團，並取消了領導職務。 ^[23]

在列寧格勒新城地下捷運系統 ，設計前的戰爭，揭開了1955年的前八站飾以大理石和青銅。然而，在死亡的斯大林 ，感知觀賞過激的斯大林建築被遺棄。在20世紀60年代，20世紀80年代，由於許多新建住宅行政區分別建在郊區的幾個系列的功能主義公寓樓彼此相同，許多家庭移居從kommunalkas在城市中心，以生活在不同的公寓。

查看從柱廊，聖以撒大教堂，聖彼得堡

6月12日，1991年，同時與俄羅斯總統選舉第一市政當局安排的市長選舉和公民投票後，這個城市的名字。該投票率是65％，66.13％的得票總數到阿納托利索布恰克誰成為第一位民選市長的城市 。與此同時，經濟狀況繼續惡化。對於20世紀40年代以來第一次糧食配給的介紹，全市共接待人道主義糧食援助來自國外。 ^[24] 1995年，北段的Kirovsko - Vyborgskaya線的聖彼得堡地鐵是地下洪水切斷，從而造成一個主要障礙，城市發展了近十年。

文化活動在慶祝聖彼得堡建市300週年

1996年阿納托利索布恰克被擊敗了弗拉基米爾雅科夫列夫在選舉中的頭部的城市管理 。標題城市的頭部被改變了從“市長”到“省長”。雅科夫列夫在2000年再次連任。他的第二個任期屆滿，2004年，期待已久的修復破碎的地鐵連接，預計到時完成。然而在2003年雅科夫列夫突然辭職，留下了州長辦公室， 瓦倫蒂娜馬特維延科 。

之後，在法律上城總督改變，打破了傳統的民主選舉由普選產生，並於2006年被重新審批Matvienko作為州長的城市立法 。住宅建築再次加劇， 房地產價格的大幅膨脹，造成了許多新的問題，為維護歷史的一部分的城市。

雖然中央部分城市觀看了聯合國教科文組織 （大約有8000建築遺跡在彼得堡），安全的歷史和建築環境成為爭論^[25]自2005年後拆遷的舊樓在歷史中心進入實踐。 ^[26] 2006年俄羅斯天然氣工業公司宣布了一項雄心勃勃的計劃，豎立396米的摩天大廈對面的斯莫爾尼 ，這可能導致無法挽回的損失的獨特風景線聖彼得堡。緊急抗議公民和突出的公眾人物，俄羅斯反對這個項目沒有考慮總督瓦倫蒂娜Matvienko和城市當局直到2010年12月，當總統後的聲明梅德韋傑夫 ，最後決定找一個更合適的位置，這個施工現場。

[ 編輯 ] 地理

該河涅瓦流經大的中心城市。左-在吐Vasilievsky酒店島 ，中心- 河涅瓦河 ， 彼得保羅要塞和三一橋 ，右- 宮堤防與冬宮

該地區的聖彼得堡市區是605.8公里^2（233.9平方英里）。該地區的聯邦主體是1439公里^2（556平方英里），其中包含正確的聖彼得堡（組成的81 okrugs ），九個市級鎮- （ 科爾皮諾 ， 紅村 ， 喀瑯施塔得 ， 羅蒙諾索夫 ， 巴甫洛夫斯克 ， Petergof ， 普希金 ， Sestroretsk ， Zelenogorsk ） -和21市政定居點。

金色圓頂的聖以撒大教堂主宰城市天際線

聖彼得堡位於中間的針葉林沿海岸低地的涅瓦灣的芬蘭灣 ，島嶼的河流三角洲。最大的是Vasilyevsky島 （除了人工島之間Obvodny運河和Fontanka ，並Kotlin在涅瓦灣），Petrogradsky，Dekabristov和Krestovsky 。後者連同Yelagin和Kamenny海島覆蓋主要由公園。在卡累利阿地峽 ，城北，是一種流行的度假區 。在南部聖彼得堡穿越波羅的海，拉多加陡崖 ，符合Izhora高原 。

境內的聯邦主體的聖彼得堡。

聖彼得堡的海拔範圍從海平面到最高點175.9米（577英尺）在Orekhovaya山在Duderhof高地南部。部分城市的境內西部Liteyny Prospekt是不高於4米（13英尺） 海拔 ，並受到眾多洪水。 洪水在聖彼得堡被觸發由長波，在波羅的海 ，由於氣象條件，風和淺薄的涅瓦灣。四個最災難性的洪水發生在1824年（421英尺以上cm/13.8海平面，在此期間，300多名建築被毀^{[27] ），1924}年380 cm/12.5英尺，1777英尺321 cm/10.5，1955年293 cm/9.6英尺和1975英尺至281 cm/9.2防止洪澇災害， 聖彼得堡大壩已經開工建設自1979年以來， ^[28]

自18世紀的地形，在城市已經提出了人工，在有些地方超過 4米（13英尺），使合併的幾個島嶼，改變水文的城市。除了 ​​涅瓦河及其支流，其他重要河流的聯邦主體的聖彼得堡是Sestra ， Okhta和Izhora 。最大的湖泊是Sestroretsky Razliv在北方，其次是Lakhtinsky Razliv ，蘇茲達爾湖泊和其他小湖泊。

由於位置的CA。 60 ° N 緯度的日長季節在彼得堡各不相同，從5:53到18:50。一期從五月中旬至七月中旬，當暮色可能會持續一整夜叫白夜 。

[ 編輯 ] 氣候

通過科彭氣候分類聖彼得堡被列為DFB，一個濕潤大陸性氣候的涼爽夏季亞型。不同的調節影響的波羅的海氣旋造成溫暖，潮濕的夏季，長和短，寒冷的冬天。

每日平均氣溫是7月22 ° C（72 ° F），最大37 ° C（99 ° F）發生在2010年北半球夏季的熱浪 。冬季最低約為-35 ° C（-31 ° F），最低在-35.9 ° C（-33 ° F）1883年錄得。年平均氣溫5.4 ° C（42 ° F）。涅瓦河河在市區範圍內，通常會凍結在11月-12月和破裂發生在四月。從十二月到三月有123天，平均積雪帶，其中達到平均24厘米（9）二月。在無霜期在城市售罄平均約 135天。該市氣候溫暖略比郊區。氣象條件變化很大常年。 ^[29]

對旅遊，聖彼得堡將出現灰色和雨季大部分時間，它被中斷與溫暖的陽光明媚的日子也是如此。氣候可以相比，該國在大西洋中。具體的城市，如匹茲堡，PA，哥倫布，呵呵，費城，賓夕法尼亞州儘管共同的假設，在炎熱的夏季獲得聖彼得堡和溫暖的天氣衣服是必不可少的。雨鞋也應考慮如果有計劃的訪問。

年平均降水量在不同的城市，平均600毫米（24英寸），並達到最高每年夏末。土壤水分幾乎總是很高，因為較低的蒸散由於氣候涼爽， 空氣濕度為78％的平均水平，而陰為165天，年平均。

[ 編輯 ] 地名

教會對血液的救主

第一章，公正地豐富了當地的歷史地名的故事是自己的名字的城市。該名日的彼得一世落在日，29時， 俄羅斯東正教教會觀察記憶的聖 使徒 彼得和保羅 。在奉獻的小木製教堂在其名稱（其同時開始建造城堡的），使他們在天上的食客的彼得保羅要塞 ，而聖彼得在同一時間成為eponym全市。

解釋“ 聖- ”由升值荷蘭文化由彼得大帝是一種常見的誤解：“ 聖 ”在荷蘭是“ 聖尤斯特歇斯 ” ^[32]樣本的沙皇彼得的名字後面的聲音在另一個歐洲城市： 聖Goar在德國， 聖邁克爾在奧地利和其他一些人，其中最接近聖彼德堡的聖米歇爾在對手瑞典帝國 （現在米凱利在芬蘭 ）。 “ 聖，”在這些地名只是一個Germanized形式拉丁語 ： 聖哉 。

一個14 - 15 -信長的名字，組成三個根證明過於繁瑣，而且縮短了很多版本出現在習慣性的使用。第一個總總督城市孟列夫也可能是筆者的第一個綽號的聖彼得堡，他稱之為Петри（基於Petri）。它採取了一些年，直到俄羅斯著名拼寫這個名字終於塵埃落定。在1740年代米哈伊爾羅蒙諾索夫使用衍生工具的希臘 ：Πετροπόλης（ 佩特羅波利斯，Петрополис）在russified形式Petropol“（Петрополь）。一個組合Piterpol（Питерпол）也出現在這個時候。 ^[33]總之，最終使用的前綴“ 聖- ”停止除正式的官方文件，其中3個字母的縮寫“СПб”（SPB）非常廣泛的應用以及。

在19世紀30年代亞歷山大普希金翻譯的“洋”的城市名“聖彼得堡”到更多的俄羅斯彼得格勒在一個他的詩。然而，它只是在31 [ OS 8月18日] 1914年後， 戰爭與德國已經開始，並興業尼古拉二世命名的首都彼得格勒。由於前綴'聖'被省略， ^[34]這一行為也改變了eponym和“靠山”的城市，從使徒彼得彼得大帝，其創始人。

經過十月革命 ，直到城市被更名為列寧格勒 1924年1月，這個名字КрасныйПетроград（紅色彼得格勒 ）經常被用在報紙和其他印刷品。

在公投扭轉重命名的列寧格勒 6月12日，1991年改名彼得 ​​格勒它是不是一種選擇。正因為如此才54.86％的選民（投票率與65％）支持的“ 聖彼得堡 ”。這種變化正式生效9月6日，1991。 ^[24]與此同時， 州的行政中心也仍然是在彼得堡命名為列寧格勒 。

在通過資本的作用聖彼得堡，莫斯科從未放棄對冠軍的“資本”，被稱為“pervoprestolnaya”（“第一王冠”）為200年。 A mirroring name for Petersburg in this connotation, the " Northern Capital ", is reintroduced today in the sense that several federal institutions were moved from Moscow to Petersburg recently. Solemn descriptive names like " the city of three revolutions " and " the cradle of the October revolution " used in Soviet era reminded the pivot events of national history which occurred here. For their part, poetic names of the city, like the " Venice of the North " and the " Northern Palmyra " emphasize town-planning and architectural features contrasting these parallels to the northern location of this megalopolis . ^{[ 35 ]} Petropolis is a translation of a city name to Greek, and is also a kind of descriptive name: Πέτρ~ is a Greek root for "stone", so the " city from stone " emphasizes the material which had been forcibly made obligatory for construction from the very first years of the city. ^{[ 33 ]}

After 1991 a wave of re-namings started within the city. It affected not only toponyms of the Soviet era, but in some cases their pre-revolutionary ones (in 1993 Gogol Street which bore the name of Nikolai Gogol since 1902, ^{[ 36 ]} was renamed to Malaya Morskaya ).

[ 編輯 ] 人口統計學

Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia. Per the preliminary results of the 2010 Census , the city's population is 4,848,700, or 3.39% of the total population of Russia; ^{[ 6 ]} up from 4,661,219 (3.21%) recorded in the 2002 census . ^{[ 7 ]} The 2002 census recorded twenty-two ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each. The ethnic composition and many other smaller ethnic groups, while 7.89% of the inhabitants declined to state their ethnicity. ^{[ 37 ]}

Population history of Saint Petersburg ^{[ 38 ] [ 39 ]}

The 20th century saw hectic ups and downs in population. From 2.4 million in 1916 it had dropped to less than 740,000 by 1920 during the Russian Revolution of 1917 and Russian Civil War . The minorities of Germans, Poles, Finns, Estonians and Latvians were almost completely transferred from Leningrad during the 1930s. ^{[ 40 ]} From 1941 to the end of 1943, population dropped from 3 million to less than 600,000, as people died in battles, starved to death during the Siege of Leningrad , or were evacuated. After the siege, some of the evacuees returned, but most influx was due to migration from other parts of the Soviet Union. The city absorbed about 3 million people in the 1950s and grew to over 5 million in the 1980s. From 1991 to 2006 the city's population decreased to the current 4.6 million, while the suburban population increased due to privatization of land and massive move to suburbs. ^{[ 38 ] [ 41 ]} The birth rate remains lower than the death rate ; people over 65 constitute more than twenty percent of the population; and the median age is about 40 years. ^{[ 42 ]}

People in urban Saint Petersburg live mostly in apartments. Between 1918 and the 1990s, the Soviets nationalised housing and forced residents to share communal apartments ( kommunalkas ). With 68% living in shared flats in the 1930s, Leningrad was the city in the USSR with the largest number of kommunalkas . Resettling residents of kommunalkas is now on the way out, albeit shared apartments are still not uncommon. As new boroughs were built on the outskirts in the 1950s-1980s, over half a million low income families eventually received free apartments, and about an additional hundred thousand condos were purchased. While economic and social activity is concentrated in the historic city centre , the richest part of Saint Petersburg, most people live in commuter areas . For the first half of 2007, the birth rate was 9.1 per 1000. ^{[ 43 ]}

[ 編輯 ] 政府

The Mariinsky Palace, seat of the city assembly.

Smolny Institute , the seat of the governor.

Saint Petersburg is a federal subject of Russia . ^{[ 44 ]} The political life of Saint Petersburg is regulated by the city charter adopted by the city legislature in 1998. ^{[ 45 ]} The superior executive body is the Saint Petersburg City Administration , led by the governor (mayor before 1996). Saint Petersburg has a single-chamber legislature, the Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly .

According to the federal law passed in 2004, heads of federal subjects, including the governor of Saint Petersburg, are nominated by the President of Russia and approved by local legislatures. If the legislature disapproves the nominee, it is dissolved. The current governor, Valentina Matviyenko , was approved according to the new system in December 2006. She is currently the only woman governor in the whole of Russia.

Saint Petersburg city is currently divided into eighteen districts . Saint Petersburg is also the administrative centre of Leningrad Oblast , and of the Northwestern Federal District . ^{[ 46 ]} The Constitutional Court of Russia moved to Saint Petersburg from Moscow in May 2008.

Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, being two different federal subjects, share a number of local departments of federal executive agencies and courts, such as court of arbitration, police, FSB , postal service, drug enforcement administration, penitentiary service, federal registration service, and other federal services.

[ 編輯 ] 經濟

The Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange , or Bourse, houses the Central Naval Museum

Saint Petersburg is a major trade gateway, financial and industrial centre of Russia specialising in oil and gas trade, shipbuilding yards, aerospace industry , radio and electronics, software and computers; machine building, heavy machinery and transport, including tanks and other military equipment , mining, instrument manufacture, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy (production of aluminium alloys), chemicals, pharmaceuticals , medical equipment , publishing and printing , food and catering, wholesale and retail, textile and apparel industries, and many other businesses. It was also home to Lessner , one of Russia's two pioneering automobile manufacturers (along with Russo-Baltic ), Lessner; founded by machine tool and boiler maker GA Lessner in 1904, with designs by Boris Loutsky , it survived until 1910. ^{[ 47 ]}

The Saint Petersburg docks at dawn.

10% of the world's power turbines are made there at the LMZ , which built over two thousand turbines for power plants across the world. Major local industries are Admiralty Shipyard , Baltic Shipyard , LOMO , Kirov Plant , Elektrosila , Izhorskiye Zavody ; also registered in Saint Petersburg are Sovkomflot , Petersburg Fuel Company and SIBUR among other major Russian and international companies.

Saint Petersburg has three large cargo seaports : Bolshoi Port Saint Petersburg, Kronstadt , and Lomonosov . International cruise liners have been served at the passenger port at Morskoy Vokzal on the south-west of Vasilyevsky Island . In 2008 the first two berths were opened at the New Passenger Port on the west of the island. ^{[ 48 ]} The new port is part of the city's "Marine Facade" development project ^{[ 49 ]} and is due to have seven berths in operation by 2010.

A complex system of riverports on both banks of the Neva river are interconnected with the system of seaports, thus making Saint Petersburg the main link between the Baltic sea and the rest of Russia through the Volga-Baltic Waterway .

The Saint Petersburg Mint (Monetny Dvor), founded in 1724, is one of the largest mints in the world, it mints Russian coins , medals and badges. Saint Petersburg is also home to the oldest and largest Russian foundry, Monumentskulptura , which made thousands of sculptures and statues that are now gracing public parks of Saint Petersburg, as well as many other cities. Monuments and bronze statues of the Czars, as well as other important historic figures and dignitaries, and other world famous monuments, such as the sculptures by Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg , Paolo Troubetzkoy , Pavel Antokolsky , and others, were made there.

In 2007 Toyota opened a Camry plant after investing 5 billion dollars in Shushary, one of the southern suburbs of Saint Petersburg. Opel , Hyundai and Nissan have signed deals with the Russian government to build their automotive plants in Saint Petersburg too. Automotive and auto-parts industry is on the rise there during the last decade.

The Saint Petersburg International Economic Forum is a major Russian investment forum

Saint Petersburg is the location of a significant brewery and distillery industry. It is known as the "beer capital" of Russia, due to the supply and quality of local water, contributing over 30% of the domestic production of beer with its five large-scale breweries including Europe's second largest brewery Baltika , Vena (both operated by BBH), Heineken Brewery , Stepan Razin (both by Heineken ) and Tinkoff brewery (SUN- InBev ).

The city has a lot of local distilleries which produce a broad range of vodka brands. The oldest ones is LIVIZ (founded in 1897). Among the youngest is Russian Standard Vodka introduced in Moscow in 1998, which opened in 2006 a new $60 million distillery in Petersburg (an area of 30,000 square meters, production rate of 22,500 bottles per hour. In 2007 this brand was exported to over 70 countries. ^{[ 50 ]}

Saint Petersburg has the second largest construction industry in Russia, including commercial, housing and road construction.

In 2006 Saint Petersburg's city budget was 179.9 billion rubles (about 6.651 billion USDollars at 2006 exchange rates ), ^{[ 51 ]} and is planned to double by 2012. The federal subject's gross regional product as of 2005 was 667.905 billion Russian rubles (about 23.611 billion USDollars at 2005 exchange rates ), ranked 4th in Russia, after Moscow , Tyumen Oblast , and Moscow Oblast , ^{[ 52 ]} or 145,503.3 rubles per capita (about 5,143.6 USDollars at 2005 exchange rates ), ranked 12th among Russia's federal subjects, ^{[ 53 ]} contributed mostly by wholesale and retail trade and repair services (24.7%) as well as processing industry (20.9%) and transportation and telecommunications (15.1%). ^{[ 54 ]}

Budget revenues of the city in 2009 amounted to 294.3 billion rubles (about 10.044 billion USDollars at 2009 exchange rates), expenses - 336.3 billion rubles (about 11.477 billion USDollars at 2009 exchange rates). The budget deficit amounted to about 42 billion rubles. ^{[ 55 ]} (about 1.433 billion USDollars at 2009 exchange rates)

[ edit ] City scape

The Saint Petersburg skyline at night, stretching from the Exchange Bridge through the Peter and Paul Fortress to the Trinity Bridge , with the River Neva in the foreground

Saint Isaac's Cathedral

Saint Petersburg has no skyscrapers and a relatively low skyline. Current regulations forbid construction of high buildings in the city centre. The 310-metre (1,020 ft) tall Saint Petersburg TV Tower is the tallest structure in the city, while the 122.5 m (401.90 ft ) Peter and Paul Cathedral is by far the highest building. However, there is a controversial project endorsed by the city authorities and known as the Ohkta Centre to build a 396 m (1,299.21 ft ) supertall skyscraper. In 2008 the World Monuments Fund included the Saint Petersburg historic skyline on the watch list of the 100 most endangered sites due to the expected construction, which threatens to alter it drastically. ^{[ 56 ]}

The Trinity Bridge over the Neva

Unlike in Moscow, in Saint Petersburg the historic architecture of the city centre, mostly consisting of Baroque and neoclassical buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries, has been largely preserved; although a number of buildings were demolished after the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, during the Siege of Leningrad and in recent years. ^{[ citation needed ]} The oldest of the remaining building is a wooden house built for Peter I in 1703 on the shore of the Neva near Trinity Square. Since 1991 the Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast have been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site .

The ensemble of Peter and Paul Fortress with the Peter and Paul Cathedral takes a dominant position on Zayachy Island along the right bank of the River Neva. Each noon a cannon fires a blank shot from the fortress. The Saint Petersburg Mosque , the largest mosque in Europe when opened in 1913, is situated on the right bank nearby. The Spit of Vasilievsky Island , which splits the river into two largest armlets, the Bolshaya Neva and Malaya Neva , is connected to the northern bank ( Petrogradsky Island ) via the Exchange Bridge and occupied by the Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns . The southern coast of Vasilyevsky Island along the Bolshaya Neva features some of the city's oldest buildings, dating from the 18th century, including the Kunstkamera , Twelve Collegia , Menshikov Palace and Imperial Academy of Arts . It hosts one of two campuses of Saint Petersburg State University .

Admiralty building

On the southern, left bank of the Neva, connected to the spit of Vasilyevsky Island via the Palace Bridge , lie the Admiralty building , the vast Hermitage Museum complex stretching along the Palace Embankment , which includes the baroque Winter Palace , former official residence of Russian emperors, as well as the neoclassical Marble Palace . The Winter Palace faces Palace Square , the city's main square with the Alexander Column .

Griboyedov Canal

Nevsky Prospekt , also situated on the left bank of the Neva, is the main avenue in the city. It starts at the Admiralty and runs eastwards next to Palace Square. Nevsky Prospekt crosses the Moika ( Green Bridge ), Griboyedov Canal ( Kazansky Bridge ), Garden Street , the Fontanka ( Anichkov Bridge ), meets Liteyny Prospekt and proceeds to Uprising Square near the Moskovsky railway station , where it meets Ligovsky Prospekt and turns to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra . The Passage , Catholic Church of St. Catherine , Book House (former Singer Manufacturing Company Building in the Art Nouveau style), Grand Hotel Europe , Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul , Great Gostiny Dvor , Russian National Library , Alexandrine Theatre behind Mikeshin 's statue of Catherine the Great, Kazan Cathedral , Stroganov Palace , Anichkov Palace and Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace are all situated along that avenue.

The Alexander Nevsky Lavra, intended to house the relics of St. Alexander Nevsky , is an important centre of Christian education in Russia. It also contains the Tikhvin Cemetery with graves of many notable Petersburgers.

On the territory between the Neva and Nevsky Prospekt the Church of the Savior on Blood , Mikhailovsky Palace housing the Russian Museum , Field of Mars , St. Michael's Castle , Summer Garden , Tauride Palace , Smolny Institute and Smolny Convent are located.

Many notable landmarks are situated to the west and south of the Admiralty Building, including the Trinity Cathedral , Mariinsky Palace , Hotel Astoria , famous Mariinsky Theatre , New Holland Island , Saint Isaac's Cathedral , the largest in the city, and Senate Square , also known as Decemberist's Square with the Bronze Horseman , 18th century equestrian monument to Peter the Great, which is considered among the city's most recognisable symbols.

Kazan Cathedral

Other symbols of Saint Petersburg include the weather vane in the shape of a small ship on top of the Admiralty's golden spire and the golden angel on top of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. The Palace Bridge drawn at night is yet another symbol of the city. Every night during the navigation period from April to November, 22 bridges across the Neva and main canals are drawn to let ships pass in and out of the Baltic Sea according to a schedule. ^{[ 57 ]} It wasn't until 2004 that the first high bridge across the Neva, which doesn't need to be drawn, Big Obukhovsky Bridge , was opened. There are hundreds of smaller bridges in Saint Petersburg spanning across numerous canals and distributaries of the Neva, some of the most important of which are the Moika , Fontanka , Griboyedov Canal , Obvodny Canal , Karpovka and Smolenka . Due to the intricate web of canals, Saint Petersburg is often called Venice of the North . The rivers and canals in the city centre are lined with granite embankments. The embankments and bridges are separated from rivers and canals by granite or cast iron parapets .

Southern suburbs of the city feature former imperial residences, including Petergof , with majestic fountain cascades and parks, Tsarskoe Selo , with the baroque Catherine Palace and the neoclassical Alexander Palace , and Pavlovsk , which contains a domed palace of Emperor Paul and one of the largest English-style parks in Europe. Some other residences situated nearby and making part of the world heritage site, including a castle and park in Gatchina , actually belong to Leningrad Oblast rather than Saint Petersburg. Another notable suburb is Kronstadt with its 19th century fortifications and naval monuments, occupying the Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland.

Since around the end of the 20th century a great deal of active building and restroration works have been carried out in a number of the city's older districts. The authorities have recently been compelled to transfer the ownership of state-owned private residences in the city centre to private lessors. Many older buildings have been reconstructed to allow their use as apartments and penthouses.

Some of these structures, such as the Saint Petersburg Commodity and Stock Exchange have been recognised as town-planning errors. ^{[ 58 ]}

[ 編輯 ] 博物館

The Russian Museum .

Museum of Water

Saint Petersburg is home to more than two hundred museums, many of them hosted in historic buildings. The largest of the museums is the Hermitage Museum , featuring interiors of the former imperial residence and a vast collection of art. The Russian Museum is a large museum devoted to the Russian fine art specifically. The apartments of some famous Petersburgers, including Alexander Pushkin , Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov , Feodor Chaliapin , Alexander Blok , Vladimir Nabokov , Anna Akhmatova , Mikhail Zoshchenko , Joseph Brodsky , as well as some palace and park ensembles of the southern suburbs and notable architectural monuments such as St. Isaac's Cathedral, have also been turned into public museums.

The Kunstkamera , with its collection established in 1714 by Peter the Great to collect curiosities from all over the world, is sometimes considered the first museum in Russia, which has evolved into the present-day Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography . The Russian Ethnography Museum , which has been split from the Russian Museum, is devoted to the cultures of the people of Russia, the former Soviet Union and Russian Empire.

Other notable museums include the Central Naval Museum hosted in the building of the former stock exchange and Zoological Museum , the Railway Museum , Museum of the Siege of Leningrad, Museum of contemporary art Erarta , Saint Petersburg Museum of History in the Peter and Paul Fortress and Artillery Museum , which in fact includes not only artillery items, but also a huge collection of other military equipment, uniform and decorations.

[ 編輯 ] 公園

The Tauride Garden

The Grand Cascade at Peterhof .

Saint Petersburg is home to numerous parks and gardens, some of the most famous of which are situated in the southern suburbs, including one of the largest English gardens of Europe in Pavlovsk. Sosnovka is the largest park within the limits of the city proper, occupying 240 ha. The Summer Garden is the oldest one, dating back to the early 18th century and designed in the regular style. It is situated on the southern bank of the Neva at the head of the Fontanka and is famous for its cast iron railing and marble sculptures.

Among other notable parks are the Maritime Victory Park on Krestovsky Island and the Moscow Victory Park in the south, both commemorating the victory over Nazi Germany in the Second World War, as well as the Central Park of Culture and Leisure occupying Yelagin Island and the Tauride Garden around the Tauride Palace . The most common trees grown in the parks are the English oak , Norway maple , green ash , silver birch , Siberian larch , blue spruce , crack willow , limes and poplars . Important dendrological collections dating back to the 19th century are hosted by the Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden and the Park of the Forestry Academy.

[ 編輯 ] 旅遊

The Bolshoi Zal (Grand Hall) of Saint Petersburg Philharmonia

Saint Petersburg has significant historical and cultural heritage and is thus a highly attractive tourist destination.

The 18-19 century architectural ensemble of the city and its environs is preserved in virtually unchanged form. For various reasons (including large-scale destruction during World War II and construction of modern buildings during the postwar period in the largest historical centers of Europe), Saint Petersburg has now become a unique nature reserve of European architectural styles of the past three centuries. Saint Petersburg's loss of capital city status, significantly helped the city in retaining many pre-revolutionary buildings, as modern architectural 'prestige projects' tended to be built in Moscow; this largely prevented the rise of mid to late of 20th century architecture in the city and helped maintain the architectural appearance of the historic center.

Saint Petersburg, Yachts on Neva river

Saint Petersburg is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list as an area with 36 historical architectural complexes, and around 4000 outstanding individual monuments of architecture, history and culture. New tourist programs and sightseeing tours have been developed for those wishing to see Saint Petersburg's cultural heritage.

the Small Italian Skylight Room in the Hermitage Museum

The city has 221 museums, 2000 libraries, more than 80 theaters, 100 concert organizations, 45 galleries and exhibition halls, 62 cinemas, and around 80 other cultural establishments. Every year the city hosts around 100 festivals and various competitions of art and culture, including more than 50 international ones. Despite the economic instability of the 90s not a single major theatre or museum has been closed in Saint Petersburg; on the contrary many new ones have opened, for example, a private museum of puppets (opened in 1999) is the third museum of its kind in Russia, where collections of more than 2000 dolls are presented, including 'The multinational Saint Petersburg' and 'Pushkin's Petersburg'. The museum world of Saint Petersburg is incredibly diverse. The city is not only home to the world-famous Hermitage Museum and The Russian State Museum with its rich collection of Russian art, but also the palaces of Saint Petersburg and its suburbs, so-called small town museums and others like the museum of famous Russian writer Dostoyevsky; Museum of Musical Instruments, the museum of decorative arts and the museum of professional orientation.

The Kunstkamera

The musical life of Saint Petersburg is rich and diverse, with the city now playing host to a number of annual carnivals.

Ballet performances occupy a special place in the cultural life of Saint Petersburg. The Petersburg School of Ballet is deservedly named as one of the best in the world. Traditions of the Russian classical school have been passed down from generation to generation amongst outstanding educators. The art of famous and prominent Saint Petersburg dancers like Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, Mikhail Baryshnikov was, and is, admired throughout the world. Contemporary Petersburg ballet is made up not only of traditional Russian classical school, but also ballets by those like Boris Eifman's, who expanded the scope of strict classical Russian ballet to almost unimaginable limits. Remaining faithful to the classical basis (he was a choreographer in Vaganova Academy of Dance), he combined classical ballet with the avant-garde style, and them, in turn, with acrobatics, rhythmic gymnastics, dramatic expressiveness, cinema, color, light, and finally with spoken word.

With a packed cultural program and a large number of world heritage sites, as well as a developing tourist infrastructure, Saint Petersburg has started to enter into the number of the world's leading centers of culture and tourism.

[ 編輯 ] 運輸

The Big Obukhovsky Bridge is a constituent part of the Saint Petersburg Ring Road

Saint Petersburg is a major transport hub. The first Russian railway was built here in 1837, and since then the city's transport infrastructure has continued to develop and keep pace with the growth of the city. Petersburg has an extensive system of local roads and railway services, maintains a large public transport system that includes the Saint Petersburg tram and the Saint Petersburg Metro , and is home to a number of riverine services that convey passengers around the city efficiently and in relative comfort.

The city is connected to the rest of Russia and the wider world by a number of federal highways and national and international rail routes. Pulkovo International Airport serves the majority of air passengers departing from or arriving to the city.

[ edit ] Railways

The Sapsan high-speed train runs between Moscow and Saint Petersburg

Today, the city is the final destination of a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals ( Baltiysky , Finlyandsky , Ladozhsky , Moskovsky , and Vitebsky ), ^{[ 59 ]} as well as dozens of non-terminal railway stations within the federal subject. Saint Petersburg has international railway connections to Helsinki , Finland , Berlin , Germany , and all former republics of the USSR. The Helsinki railway was built in 1870, 443 km (275 mi), commutes three times a day, in a journey lasting about three and a half hours with the new Allegro train.

The Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway opened in 1851, 651 km (405 mi); the commute to Moscow now requires from three and a half to nine hours. ^{[ 60 ]}

In 2009 Russian Railways launched a high speed service on the Moscow-Saint Petersburg route. The new train, known as Sapsan , is a deriative of the popular Siemens Velaro train; various versions of which are already in service in a number of European countries. It set records for the fastest train in Russia on May 2, 2009, travelling at 281 km/h ^{[ 61 ]} and on May 7, 2009, travelling at 290 km/h (180 mph).

Since December 12, 2010 Karelian Trains , a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR (Finnish Railways) , has been running Alstom Pendolino operated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg's Finlyandsky and Helsinki's Central railway stations. These services are branded as 'Allegro' trains.

Intercity and suburban rail terminals of Petersburg
Vitebsky Station Moskovsky Station Baltiysky Station Finlyandsky Station Ladozhsky Station

Hydrofoil docking in St.Petersburg upon arrival from Peterhof Palace (2008).

[ edit ] Waterways

The city is also served by the passenger and cargo seaports in the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland , Baltic Sea , the river port higher up the Neva, and tens of smaller passenger stations on both banks of the Neva river. It is a terminus of the Volga-Baltic and White Sea-Baltic waterways.

In 2004 the first high bridge that doesn't need to be drawn, a 2,824 m (9,265 ft) long Big Obukhovsky Bridge , was opened. Meteor hydrofoils link the city centre to the coastal towns of Kronstadt , Lomonosov , Petergof , Sestroretsk , and Zelenogorsk from May through October. Throughout the city, smaller boats and water-taxis maneuver the many canals in the warmer months.

The shipping company St Peter Line operates two ferries which sails from Helsinki to St Petersburg and from Stockholm to St Petersburg.

[ edit ] Roads and public transport

The decoration of Saint Petersburg Metro (Kirovsky Zavod Station)

Saint Petersburg has an extensive city-funded network of public transport (buses, trams , trolleybuses ) and several hundred routes served by marshrutkas . Trams in Saint Petersburg used to be the main transport; in the 1980s, Leningrad had the largest tramway network in the world, but many tramway rail tracks were dismantled in the 2000s.

Buses carry up to 3 million passengers daily, serving over 250 urban and a number of suburban bus routes. Saint Petersburg Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1955; it now has five lines with 64 stations, connecting all five railway terminals, and carrying 3.4 million passengers daily. Metro stations are decorated in marble and bronze.

Traffic jams are common in the city, because of high daily traffic volumes between the commuter boroughs and the city centre, intercity traffic, and at times excessive snow in winter. Five segments of the Saint Petersburg Ring Road were opened between 2002 and 2006.

Saint Petersburg is part of the important transport corridor linking Scandinavia to Russia and Eastern Europe . The city is a node of the international European and towards Moscow and Kharkiv (south).

Pulkovo International Airport .

[ edit ] Air travel

Saint Petersburg is also served by Pulkovo International Airport , ^{[ 62 ]} and by three smaller commercial and cargo airports in the suburbs.

Pulkovo airport opened to passengers as a small aerodrome in 1931. As of 2007, the airport is the 4th busiest in Russia after Moscow's Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo and Vnukovo airports. With two main terminals (one domestic, one international), Pulkovo is widely regarded as one of the larger and more modern airports in the Russian Federation. However as it is anticipated that by 2025 Pulkovo airport will handle around 17 million passengers annually, plans have been laid out to build a new mid-field terminal extension directly to the north of the Terminal 1 (domestic); it is planned to contain 18 gates and construction is slated to begin in 2008 with scheduled completion in 2010/11.

There is a regular, 24/7, rapid-bus transit connection between Pulkovo airport and the city center .

[ 編輯 ] 教育

Saint Petersburg State University

As of 2006/2007 there were 1024 kindergartens, 716 public schools and 80 vocational schools in Saint Petersburg. ^{[ 63 ]} The largest of the higher education institutions are Saint Petersburg State University , enrolling approximately 32,000 undergraduate students, Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University , Herzen University and Saint Petersburg Military engineering-technical university . However, the universities are all federal property and don't belong to the city.

[ 編輯 ] 文化

[ 編輯 ] 音樂

The main auditorium of the Mariinsky Theater.

Among the city's more than fifty theaters is the world-famous Mariinsky Theater (also known as the Kirov Theater in the USSR ), home to the Mariinsky Ballet company and opera. Leading ballet dancers, such as Vaslav Nijinsky , Anna Pavlova , Rudolph Nureyev , Mikhail Baryshnikov , Galina Ulanova and Natalia Makarova , were principal stars of the Mariinsky ballet.

Dmitri Shostakovich was born and brought up in Saint Petersburg, and dedicated his Seventh Symphony to the city, calling it the "Leningrad Symphony." He wrote the symphony while in Leningrad during the German siege. The 7th symphony was premiered in 1942; its performance in the besieged Leningrad at the Bolshoy Philharmonic Hall under the baton of conductor Karl Eliasberg was heard over the radio and lifted the spirits of the survivors. ^{[ 64 ]} In 1992 a reunion performance of the 7th Symphony by the (then) 14 survivors was played in the same hall as they done half a century ago. ^{[ 65 ]} The Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra remained one of the best known symphony orchestras in the world under the leadership of conductors Yevgeny Mravinsky and Yuri Temirkanov .

The Imperial Choral Capella was founded and modeled after the royal courts of other European capitals.

The Alexander Theater, Saint Petersburg.

Saint Petersburg has been home to the newest movements in popular music in the country. The first jazz band in the Soviet Union was founded here by Leonid Utyosov in the 1920s, under the patronage of Isaak Dunayevsky . The first jazz club in the Soviet Union was founded here in the 1950s, and later was named jazz club Kvadrat . In 1956 the popular ensemble Druzhba was founded by Aleksandr Bronevitsky and Edita Piekha , becoming the first popular band in the 1950s USSR. In the 1960s student rock-groups Argonavty , Kochevniki and others pioneered a series of unofficial and underground rock concerts and festivals. In 1972 Boris Grebenshchikov founded the band Aquarium , that later grew to huge popularity. Since then "Peter's rock" music style was formed.

In the 1970s many bands came out from "underground" and eventually founded the Leningrad rock club , which has been providing stage to such bands as Piknik, DDT , Kino , headed by the legendary Viktor Tsoi , Igry , Mify , Zemlyane , Alisa and many other popular groups. The first Russian-style happening show Pop mekhanika , mixing over 300 people and animals on stage, was directed by the multi-talented Sergey Kuryokhin in the 1980s.

Today's Saint Petersburg boasts many notable musicians of various genres, from popular Leningrad's Sergei Shnurov and Tequilajazzz , to rock veterans Yuri Shevchuk , Vyacheslav Butusov and Mikhail Boyarsky .

The White Nights Festival in Saint Petersburg is famous for spectacular fireworks and massive show celebrating the end of school year .

[ 編輯 ] 電影

Konstantin Khabensky , famous for his roles in Night Watch , Day Watch and Admiral , is a native of Saint Petersburg

Over 250 international and Russian movies were filmed in Saint Petersburg. ^{[ 66 ]} Well over a thousand feature films about tsars, revolution, people and stories set in Saint Petersburg were produced worldwide, but were not filmed in the city. First film studios were founded in Saint Petersburg in the 20th century, and since the 1920s Lenfilm has been the largest film studio based in Saint Petersburg. The first foreign feature movie filmed entirely in Saint Petersburg was the 1997 production of Tolstoy's Anna Karenina , starring Sophie Marceau and Sean Bean , and made by international team of British, American, French and Russian filmmakers.

The cult comedy Irony of Fate ^{[ 67 ]} (also Ирония судьбы, или С лёгким паром!) is set in Saint Petersburg and pokes fun at Soviet city planning. The 1985 film White Nights received considerable Western attention for having captured genuine Leningrad street scenes at a time when filming in the Soviet Union by Western production companies was generally unheard of. Other movies include GoldenEye (1995), Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996), and Brother (1997). Onegin (1999) is based on the Pushkin poem and showcases many tourist attractions . In addition, the Russian romantic comedy, Питер FM , showcases the cityscape significantly, almost as if it were a main character in the film.

Several international film festivals are held annually, such as the Festival of Festivals, St. Petersburg , as well as the Message to Man International Documentary Film Festival , since its inauguration in 1988 during the White Nights. ^{[ 68 ]}

[ 編輯 ] 文學

Saint Petersburg has a longstanding and world famous tradition in literature. Dostoyevsky called it “The most abstract and intentional city in the world," emphasizing its artificiality, but it was also a symbol of modern disorder in a changing Russia. It frequently appeared to Russian writers as a menacing and inhuman mechanism. The grotesque and often nightmarish image of the city is featured in Pushkin's last poems, the Petersburg stories of Gogol , the novels of Dostoyevsky , the verse of Alexander Blok and Osip Mandelshtam , and in the symbolist novel Petersburg by Andrey Bely . According to Lotman in his chapter, 'The Symbolism of Saint Petersburg' in Universe and the Mind , these writers were inspired from symbolism from within the city itself. The effect of life in Saint Petersburg on the plight of the poor clerk in a society obsessed with hierarchy and status also became an important theme for authors such as Pushkin , Gogol , and Dostoyevsky . Another important feature of early Saint Petersburg literature is its mythical element, which incorporates urban legends and popular ghost stories , as the stories of Pushkin and Gogol included ghosts returning to Saint Petersburg to haunt other characters as well as other fantastical elements, creating a surreal and abstract image of Saint Petersburg.

20th century writers from Saint Petersburg, such as Vladimir Nabokov , Ayn Rand , Andrey Bely and Yevgeny Zamyatin , along with his apprentices, The Serapion Brothers , created entire new styles in literature and contributed new insights to the understanding of society through their experience in this city. Anna Akhmatova became an important leader for Russian poetry . Her poem Requiem focuses on the tragedies of living during the time of the Stalinist terror. Another notable 20th century writer from Saint Petersburg is Joseph Brodsky , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1987). While living in the United States, his writings in English reflected on life in Saint Petersburg from the unique perspective of being both an insider and an outsider to the city in essays such as, "A Guide to a Renamed City" and the nostalgic "In a Room and a Half". ^{[ 69 ]}

[ 編輯 ] 體育

FC Zenit 's home Petrovsky stadium

Leningrad hosted part of the football tournament during the 1980 Summer Olympics . The 1994 Goodwill Games were held here.

The first competition here was the 1703 rowing event initiated by Peter the Great, after the victory over the Swedish fleet . Yachting events were held by the Russian Navy since the foundation of the city. Yacht clubs : ^{[ 70 ]} St. Petersburg River Yacht Club , Neva Yacht Club , the latter is the oldest yacht club in the world. In the winter, when the sea and lake surfaces are frozen and yachts and dinghies cannot be used, local people sail on ice boats .

Equestrianism has been a long tradition, popular among the Tsars and aristocracy, as well as part of the military training . Several historic sports arenas were built for equestrianism since the 18th century, to maintain training all year round, such as the Zimny Stadion and Konnogvardeisky Manezh among others.

Chess tradition was highlighted by the 1914 international tournament, in which the title "Grandmaster" was first formally conferred by Russian Tsar Nicholas II to five players: Lasker , Capablanca , Alekhine , Tarrasch and Marshall , and which the Tsar had partially funded.

Kirov Stadium (now demolished) was one of the largest stadia anywhere in the world, and the home to FC Zenit St. Petersburg in 1950-1993 and 1995. In 1951 the attendance of 110,000 set the record for the Soviet football. In 1984, 2007 and 2010 Zenit became champions of the Soviet and Russian leagues, respectively, won the Russian Cup in 1999 and 2010, won the UEFA Cup 2007–08 season and the 2008 UEFA Super Cup . Zenit currently plays their home games at Petrovsky Stadium . The new stadium , which will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup matches, is currently in construction, replacing the Kirov stadium.

[ edit ] Crime

The Kresty prison .

Russia used to have a high level of crime that increased significantly after the October revolution . ^{[ 71 ]} Having reduced in subsequent years, especially when the city was besieged during the war (1941–1944), it was followed by a relatively short crime wave in the second half of 1940s which in its turn subsided at the beginning of the 1950s. A sharp spike in the crime level occurred at the end of the 1980s – beginning of the 1990s as a result of Perestroika -time turmoils (redistribution of property, privatization, decline of living standards, decrease of the effectiveness of militia etc.) By that time the city had fallen under the control of a number of organized criminal groups such as Tambov Gang , Malyshev Gang, Kazan Gang and ethnic criminal groups, engaged in racket , extortion , paying off local government , and violent clashes with each other. ^{[ 72 ]}

After the assassinations of City Property Committee Chairman and vice-Governor Mikhail Manevich (1997), State Duma deputy Galina Starovoytova (1998), acting City Legislature Speaker Viktor Novosyolov (1999) and a number of prominent businesspeople, Saint Petersburg was dubbed Capital of Crime in the Russian press. ^{[ 73 ] [ 74 ]} There were a number of movies filmed in Saint Petersburg about the life of crime; Banditskiy Peterburg: Advocat , ^{[ 75 ]} Brother (1997) ^{[ 76 ]} reinforcing its image as the Crime Capital of Russia.

According to official sources the number of crimes committed by foreigners in Saint Petersburg in 2010 increased by 11.1%. Law enforcement authorities consider it is associated with an increased number of people from some CIS republics who live in Saint Petersburg illegally. ^{[ 77 ]} On the other hand, some media reported that in recent years there had been a notable increase in racially motivated violence, in particular towards foreign students . ^{[ 78 ]} One of notable white supremacist groups Belaya Energia (White Energy, inspired by US White Power group), has reportedly been one of the gangs involved in murdering foreign university students. ^{[ 78 ]}

Official portal of the Government of St. Petersburg provided data on significant improvement in the crime situation. ^{[ 79 ]} In particular, it is reported the number of crimes against tourists has decreased by more than twice during 2009-2011.

[ edit ] Twin towns – sister cities

[ 編輯 ] 參見

Russia portal

• List of consulates in Saint Petersburg
• List of museums in Saint Petersburg
• List of notable people from Saint Petersburg
• List of Saint Petersburg sister cities
• Flag of Saint Petersburg
• Hotels in Saint Petersburg

[ 編輯 ] 參考文獻

[ 編輯 ] 參考書目

[ 編輯 ] 註釋

[ 編輯 ] 外部鏈接

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Saint Petersburg

聽這篇文章 （ 信息/分升 ）

This audio file was created from a revision of Saint Petersburg dated 2011-08-11, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. （ 音頻幫助 ）

更多口語文章

• "Официальный портал администрации Санкт-Петербурга [The Official Portal of the Saint Petersburg City Authority]" (in ru). The Saint Petersburg City Authority : 191060, St. Petersburg, Smolny [ Администрация Санкт-Петербурга 191060, СПб., Смольный ]. 2001–2011 . http://eng.gov.spb.ru/ . Retrieved February 9, 2011 .  
• "City Tourist Portal" . http://visit-petersburg.ru/?lang=en .  
• Committee for Investment and Strategic Projects (2010). "Saint Petersburg – open city" . The Government of St. Petersburg . http://st-petersburg.ru/en/ . Retrieved February 9, 2011 [ Analytical materials and white papers upon economy, business and social environment, comfort and doing business in St. Petersburg ]  
• "Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg" . St. Petersburg: The Likhachov Foundation. 2004 . http://www.encspb.ru/en/ . Retrieved February 9, 2011 [ 3500 entries, 9200 personalities, 3500 addresses, 2000 pictures and 40 geographical maps, 3800 bibliographical references from the original "Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg" (SPb., Rosspen, 2004) ]  
• Marina Sidyakina (April 10, 2008). "Destination: St Petersburg" . Helsinki Retrieved February 9, 2011 .  
• Saint Petersburg (Russia) travel guide from Wikitravel
• St Petersburg on In Our Time at the BBC . ( listen now )
• Official list of foreign partner cities and regions on the website of the city government's Committee for External Relations (in Russian)
• Twin cities of Saint Petersburg (Russian Wikipedia)
• Bob Atchinson (2010). "Saint Petersburg, 1900: a photographic travelogue of the capital of Imperial Russia" . http://www.alexanderpalace.org/petersburg1900/ . Retrieved February 9, 2011 [ 50 photographs of St. Petersburg from « Travelogues » of Burton Holmes (Vol. 8, 1914) and other sources ]  
• Life of Saint Petersburg in photos
• Saint Petersburg sights and attractions
• Over 1400 pre-Revolution postcard views of Saint Petersburg
• Saint Petersburg city landscapes

Infrastructure v · d · e Pedestrian zones of Saint Petersburg by creation year Pedestrian zones 1996年 Malaya Konushennaya Street 1998年 Malaya Sadovaya Street 1999年 Planernaya Street (Avenue to Liquidators Chernobyl Accidents) 2000 near Avtovo • Vasya Alekseev Street • Litseiskiy pereulok 2001年 Gospitalniy pereulok • 6-7 Liniya of Vasilievsky Island • Finskiy pereulok • Bulvar Novatorov • On ninth of January Prospekt • Tankistov Street • Volodarskogo Street • Quarter 5 (Rzhevka) • Quarter 11 • Svoboda Square • Rubakina Street • Alexandrovskaya Street • near Zvyozdnaya • near Lomonosovskaya , Matushenko Street • Nizhnaya Doroga • near Staraya Derevnya • Akademitheskiy Prodpekt • Arts Square 2002年 near Shuvalovo • Quarter 18 - 18А • Burenin Street • Blagodatnaya Street (first stage) • Kommunarov Street • near Gorkovskaya , Alexander Park • Sadovaya Street, Tsarskoye Selo • Turku Street • Quarter 24 • Konushenniy Pereulok • Kuznechniy Pereulok • Palace Square 2003 Andreevskie Dvoriki : 27, 6 Liniya of Vasilievsky Island · 32, 7 Liniya of Vasilievsky Island • near Udelnaya • Rizhskaya Street • Quarter 5 (South-West) • Blagodatnaya Street (second stage) • Shlisselburgskiy Prospekt • near Petrogradskaya , Bezimyanniy Pereulok • Klenovaya Alleya • Millionnaya Street • Griboyedov Canal Quay • Bolshaya Konushennaya Street • Solyanoy Pereulok 2009 Blagoeva street Memorials Alexander Column • Bronze Horseman • Hero-City Obelisk • Column of Glory • Cruiser Aurora • Peter I near St. Michael's Castle • Church of the Savior on Blood • Alexander Pushkin in Arts Square • Nikolai Gogol in Konushennaya Street • Chesme Column • Kagul Obelisk • Monument to Nicholas I • Mother Motherland • Moscow Triumphal Gate • Narva Triumphal Gate • Vasily Korchmin • Liquidators Chernobyl Accidens • Genio loci • Barometer clock • Saint Petersburgs policeman • Sphere fountain • Photographer • Reproduct v · d · e Baltic Fleet of Russian navy Commander of fleet Vice Admiral VN Mardusin Divisions Leningrad Naval Base · Baltiysk Naval base · Separate Guards brigade of marines of the Baltic fleet · 127 separate sea engineering battalion · Strazh Balticy (newspaper) Navy bases in Kaliningrad Oblast Fleet command: Kaliningrad • Marine base: Baltiysk • Air bases: Chernyakhovsk · Kaliningrad Chkalovsk · Donskoye · Khrabrovo Navy base in Saint Petersburg and Oblast Saint Petersburg · Kronstadt · Vysotsk Former Naval Bases Finland : Hanko · Porkkala · Suomenlinna • Estonia : Paldiski • Latvia : Liepāja Page of Baltic fleet in Official site of Ministry of Defence v · d · e Saint Petersburg Navy structures Military educational institutions Naval academy of a name of NG Kuznetsov … Military research institutes and design offices Malachite design office … The military ship-building and ship-repair enterprises Admiralty Shipyard · Almaz Shipbuilding Company · Baltic Shipyard · Rubin Design Bureau · Severnaya Verf · Severnoye Design Bureau Part of Leningrad Naval base Saint Petersburg · Kronstadt · Petergof · Priozersk · Vysotsk …